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183823 a écrit le : 2025-08-13
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Since India’s independence from Britain in 1947, the status of English in India has been deeply political – entwined with questions of identity, power, and national direction.
Today, English is one of several official languages in India, spoken by about 10% of the population. Hindi is the first language for around 44% of citizens, according to the 2011 census.
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But in recent years, Modi’s BJP has placed particular emphasis on promoting Hindi and reducing the use of English in public life.
The prime minister almost never delivers speeches in English, preferring Hindi for national addresses such as his monthly radio program. His administration has encouraged officials to use Hindi on social media and in government correspondence – though, after criticism from non-Hindi-speaking states, clarified that this was intended mainly for the Hindi belt in the north.
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When India hosted world leaders for the 2023 G20 summit in New Delhi, invitations were sent out from “Bharat” – the Sanskrit or Hindi name for the country – instead of “India,” fueling speculation that the government aims to ultimately phase out the country’s English designation altogether.
Modi’s critics have been quick to note his political motives behind these moves.
With its roots in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing organization that advocates Hindu hegemony within India, the BJP’s language policies resonate with many in a country where nearly 80% of people are Hindu.
Analysts say the BJP is seeking to capitalize on this demographic by promoting language policies that strengthen its support base in the north.
According to Rita Kothari, an English professor from Ashoka University, the government “is certainly interested in homogenizing the country and making Hindi more widespread.”
But that policy can also backfire – in part because many regions, such as Marathi-speaking Maharashtra in the west – are staunchly proud of their local language.
The violent clashes in the state’s megacity Mumbai earlier this month were sparked by the regional government’s controversial decision to make Hindi a compulsory third language in public primary schools.
Pushback and protest has also been especially strong in the south, where English and regional languages such as Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada are valued as symbols of local identity and autonomy.
249747 a écrit le : 2025-08-13
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472285 a écrit le : 2025-08-12
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Tbilisi, Georgia — Jailed journalist Mzia Amaghlobeli gets weaker every day as her hunger strike has reached three weeks in Rustavi, a town near the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, her lawyer says. Now the 49-year-old is having difficulty walking the short distance from her cell to the room where they usually meet, and human rights officials, colleagues and family fear for her life.
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Amaghlobeli was arrested Jan. 12 during an anti-government protest in the coastal city of Batumi, one of over 40 people in custody on criminal charges from a series of demonstrations that have hit the South Caucasus nation of 3.7 million in recent months.
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The political turmoil follows a parliamentary election that was won by the ruling Georgian Dream party, although its opponents allege the vote was rigged.
Protests highlight battle over Georgia's future. Here's why it matters.
Its outcome pushed Georgia further into Russia's orbit of influence. Georgia aspired to join the European Union, but the party suspended accession talks with the bloc after the election.
As it sought to cement its grip on power, Georgian Dream has cracked down on freedom of assembly and expression in what the opposition says is similar to President Vladimir Putin's actions in neighboring Russia, its former imperial ruler.
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417885 a écrit le : 2025-08-12
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Dokumenty kolekcjonerskie to niezwykle ciekawy obszar dla milosników historii i kultury materialnej. Obejmuje szeroki zakres artefaktów, takich jak stare paszporty, dowody osobiste, prawa jazdy, bilety czy legitymacje. Kolekcjonowanie takich dokumentów moze byc pasjonujacym hobby, pozwalajacym na zglebianie historii i obyczajów róznych epok. Jednakze, ze wzgledu na swój charakter, dokumenty te budza równiez pewne kontrowersje, szczególnie w kontekscie ich ewentualnego wykorzystania w sposób niezgodny z prawem.
Historia dokumentów kolekcjonerskich
Kolekcjonowanie dokumentów ma swoje korzenie w XIX wieku, kiedy to zainteresowanie historia i archeologia zaczelo rosnac wsród zamozniejszych warstw spolecznych. Z czasem, obok starozytnych rekopisów i ksiazek, pojawilo sie równiez zainteresowanie dokumentami o bardziej wspólczesnym charakterze, takimi jak bilety z wydarzen kulturalnych, legitymacje czy inne przedmioty zwiazane z codziennym zyciem.
W XX wieku, zwlaszcza po I wojnie swiatowej, dokumenty takie jak paszporty czy dowody osobiste zaczely byc postrzegane jako cenne pamiatki rodzinne, a takze interesujace obiekty dla kolekcjonerów. Ich wartosc wynikala nie tylko z ich rzadkosci, ale takze z kontekstu historycznego, w jakim powstaly i byly uzywane.
Wartosc dokumentów kolekcjonerskich
Wartosc dokumentów kolekcjonerskich zalezy od wielu czynników, takich jak ich stan, wiek, rzadkosc oraz historyczne znaczenie. Na przyklad, paszport z okresu miedzywojennego nalezacy do znanej postaci historycznej moze osiagnac na aukcjach wysoka cene. Z kolei bilety z waznych wydarzen sportowych czy koncertów moga byc poszukiwane przez kolekcjonerów z calego swiata.
Wartosc dokumentów czesto wzrasta, gdy sa one zwiazane z waznymi momentami w historii, takimi jak wojny, rewolucje, czy zmiany polityczne. Na przyklad, dokumenty z czasów PRL-u, takie jak legitymacje partyjne czy przepustki graniczne, moga byc szczególnie cenione przez kolekcjonerów zainteresowanych historia Polski.
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353561 a écrit le : 2025-08-12
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478638 a écrit le : 2025-08-12
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Beirut, Lebanon
CNN
—
A deadly Israeli airstrike on Hezbollah’s stronghold in southern Beirut on Friday has left over a dozen people dead, including a high-ranking Hezbollah commander, sharply escalating the conflict between the two sides and raising fears of all-out war.
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Senior Hezbollah commander Ibrahim Aqil, part of Hezbollah’s elite Radwan Force, was assassinated along with “about 10” other commanders, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) spokesperson Daniel Hagari said, accusing them of planning to raid and occupy communities in Galilee in northern Israel.
Hezbollah confirmed Aqil’s death on Friday, saying he was killed “following a treacherous Israeli assassination operation on 09/20/2024 in the southern suburbs of Beirut.”
According to Hagari, the targeted commanders were “underground underneath a residential building in the heart of the Dahiyeh neighborhood, using civilians as a human shield” at the time of the attack.
Lebanon’s health ministry said at least 14 people were killed and 66 others injured in the airstrike, which leveled a multistory building in a densely populated neighborhood.
Aqil had a $7 million bounty on his head from the United States for his suspected involvement in the 1983 strike on the US Embassy in Beirut, which killed 63 people, as well as the bombing of the Beirut Marine barracks, which killed 241 US personnel later that year.
A CNN team on the ground in Beirut saw a frantic effort to rescue people from underneath the rubble and rush the wounded to hospital. Witnesses said nearby buildings shook for nearly half an hour after the strike, which the IDF said it had carried out at around 4 p.m. local time.
A week of surprise attacks
Friday’s strike marked the fourth consecutive day of surprise attacks on Beirut and other sites across the country, even as Israeli forces continued deadly strikes and operations in Gaza and the occupied West Bank.
The first major attack against Hezbollah this week came Tuesday afternoon when pagers belonging to the militant groups’ members exploded near-simultaneously. The pagers had been used by Hezbollah to communicate after the group’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, encouraged members to switch to low-tech devices to prevent more of them from being assassinated.
Almost exactly 24 hours later, Lebanon was rocked by a second wave of explosions, after Hezbollah walkie-talkies detonated in Beirut and the south of the country on Wednesday.
At least 37 people were killed, including some children, and more than 3,000 were injured in the twin attacks.
In a United Nations Security Council meeting on Friday, UN human rights chief Volker Turk on Friday warned that the detonation of communication devices could violate international human rights law.
Lebanese Foreign Minister Abdallah Bou Habib and Israeli Ambassador to the UN Danny Danon clashed at the heated meeting, with Bou Habib calling on the council to condemn Israel’s actions and Danon slamming the Lebanese envoy for not mentioning Hezbollah.
558156 a écrit le : 2025-08-12
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